The Turkish invasion in Cyprus at 1974 Research Paper

The Turkish invasion in Cyprus at 1974 - Research Paper Example All these were taking place in the knowledge of three guarantor powers which reacted three days after the Turkish invasion in Cyprus. The guarantor powers that included the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey decided to agree upon the fate of the invaded island. Seemingly, Turkish had a lot of interest in having the most of the island, and, in fact, it ended up acquiring more than a third of the island illegally (Freedman 402). This came as a result of their Attila II pre-planned physical attack which saw them through their acquisition of the island disregarding opinions of other guarantor powers. The above actions were devastative in nature as many things were destroyed ranging from property in the island to individual lives that were claimed in the process of the attack. As a consequence of their brutality, more than 5000 individuals lost their lives. In addition, there resulted a fate unknown, and nobody could account for 1,614 missing Cypriots as well as 4 citizens from the US duri ng the invasion period, Congregation Record (18108). Before the attack on Cyprus by the Turkey, Greece had come up and led a coup whose intention was made known all. As Freedman (402) noted in his book, the Greek-led coup was to unite Cyprus Island with Greece. This is the sole reason why the Turkish military launched an operation to invade the same island to respond and resist the Greek dominion over the same island (Freedman 402). It is a clear fact that Greece was involved in the fight with Turkey over the Cyprus Island which led to atrocious consequences as the one that had previously mentioned. They tried various means of acquisition of the island including military approaches just to win it over Turkey, but it did not succeed as its expectation was. This fight between Greece, and Turkey over Cyprus made them differ over the Aegean territories. As a result, Greece itself tried to apply a diplomacy involvement in solving the issue at hand by then. This included their withdrawal from active participation in the NATO military command from the year that they experienced the fight between them and the Turkey (Freedman 402). This was s due to their partly protest over the issue regarding Cyprus Island that dominated largely by the Turkey. Huth, (136) brings an important aspect of Greek operations which are regarded to be full of diplomacy. For instance, the Greece itself was not willing to confront Turkey by counter attacking them using their available military to continue fighting over Cyprus Island. They avoided this kind of confrontation but rather withdrew and stayed calm over the issue. According to Huth (136), there have been three main crises that rank nationally between Turkey and Greece over Cyprus. The earlier ones, which happened before the 1974 Turkish attack like the 1964 and the 1967 ones, the government of Greece gave in to diplomatic intervention and resolutions. These diplomatic settlements were as a result of threats of using military for inte rvention posed by the Turkish government. Indeed, the 1974 confrontation did not see Greece use any military confrontation to contest against the Turkish invasion and domination upon Cyprus Island. There was a great challenge to international democratic peace in 1974when Turkey and Greece had the conflict over Cyprus Island, as Diez (169) has realized. It is important to note that, before this confrontation, Greece

Distinktion Between British and American English Essay Example for Free

Distinktion Between British and American English Essay Abstract In this paper, distincion between British English and American English on the phonetic aspect will be discussed. The whole paper is going to be devided into several parts, in the first part various of English accents and the outline of the differences between these two variants of English will be introduced in biref ; In the second part, the representative of British English – Recerved pronunciation will be presented in detail on the aspect of sound system; in the thirt part, the phonetic peculiarities of American English will be discussed; in the last part, the sound system of British English and American English will be compaired in detail, thus the differences will be presented minutely. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRITHS ENGLISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH ON THE ASPECT OF SOUND SYSTEM Outline: The fanous American author and humorist Mark Twain had said that :English and American are separate languages,..when I speak my native tongue in its utmost purity an Englishman cant understand me at all. (The stolen White Elephant) It is ture, we have already heard the concept of American English and British English when we started to learn this language, although we didnt know and cannot distinguish their differences at that time, we knew, at least, they are different. As an English majoring student, now I know they have distinctions in several aspects including vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, intonation, etc. and it is my horner and pleasure to write on this theme: distinction between American English and British English on the phonetic aspect. Various accents: One thing which should be mentioned at the very begining is that, in fact,there are various accents in English, in general, linguistists devide  them into two groups: American varient of English and British variant of English, which can also be subdevided as in following graphic: Each of the above mentioned accents has their owen features thus different from each other, in this paper, not all these acctents are going to be discussed, only two representatives will be researched, they are the representative of American Enlish : General American English (GA), and the representative of British English: Received Pronunciation (RP), In general, one of the most siginificant parcularities of Brithish accent is it is cadenced, almost every sylable is pronounced clearly, long vowels and short vowels are distinguished obviously. However in American accent it is kind of ambiguous and vague, most of the long vowels are cutted short. For instance, the vowel a in class belongs to long vowel, British always pronounce it intactly, whereas Americans often enunciate it as a short one, it sound like a in the word bad. An other example can be the word aunt, almost all American pronouce it as ant with out expception, which makes it confusing whether they are reffering to their aunt or the ant creeping in front of their house. British accent invariably enunciate voiceless consonant in unstressed sylables clearly, yet Americans pronouce voiceless consonants as voiced ones, as a result, the word Battery was enunciated as Baddery by Americans. In most countries the English learning materials of schools use British standard English. The English channel of China Central Telivision as well as the dialogues between the spoke men of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and foreing journalists use British English too. Among foreign meida, the accent used by BBC is considered to be acknowledged model of British English. Within Movie stars, Hugh Grant (acted the leading role in Four Wedding and a Funeral) graduated from Oxford University and speaks in standard upper class British accent.. RP: authentic British accent In China, there are various accents in different origins, among them mandarin is the officially stipulated as standard official language, however, although there are also various accents in different origins in Britain, there is no official stipulation on which is the standard one, but in the history of the development of English language, one accent formed its  importance and acknowledged to be the most stand British English, that is: Received Pronunciation, shorter form of which is RP. Retrospect its history, Received Pronunciation formed from an accent used in South Central England. That region extended toward southeast from Midlands to London, among which includes the two famous University towns Oxford and Cambridge. In the 14th century, Received Pronunciation was widely used among traders, and with the rise of Oxford and Cambridge University, this accent is also used by students of the two universities, thus, Received Pronunciation turned into the accent used by people who hav e received good education. From 19th to 20th century, Received Pronunciation became the education language use in British public schools, it was also used by British Broadcasting, and as a result, it is as well named as Public School English and BBC English. The concept of Received English was previously proposed by the English linguistic Daniel S. Jones in his monograph in 1918. To sum up, Received Pronunciation has the following general features: 1. Received Pronunciation is a kind of standard neutral accent, it is deemed to have no definite regional accent character. Whereas, in the British Isles, Received Pronunciation is only used in England, in addition it does not limit area. 2. Received Pronunciation has specific social demarcation. In Britain, RP is regarded as reflection of having received good education, that is, well educated. Hence, it is always connected with upper class of society, sometimes it is termed as Oxford English and King’s/Queen’s English. A coalmine worker frkm Welsh won’t understand and speak elegant Received Pronunciation. 3. Received Pronunciation is always closely bounded together with some particular professions. The main occupations use RP are: lawyers, politicians, diplomats, bond traders, teachers of universities or public schools, as well as announcers of national Broadcasting and Television studios. Evidently, those professions at the same time reflect ‘elegant’ and ‘distinguished’ social positions. What is worth mentioning is that as Received Pronunciation is standard orthodox British English, it is widely used in foreign language education. Therefore, the English learned by non-English first language countries is Received Pronunciation, the English pronounced by some of the excellent learners among them is even more normative than local British people. The principle character of RP is to protrude the sound ‘r’. When two words are connected together, if the  previous one ends with a non-high vowel while the second one starts with a vowel, the RP enunciation will add a non-existing r. By comparing the following two phrases we can see the peculiarities of RP: Regular enuciating situation (ending with a non-high vowel + starting with a consonant): The idea for it saw him in the room. Adding the non-existing r'(ending with a high vowel + starting with a vowel): The idea(r) of it, saw(r) it in the room. Peculiarities of American accent: 1. Abdominal pronunciation: When we listen to American people speak, it is noticeable that their timber is very abundant, the time of resonation sounds very long, even with strong nasal. In fact this is the first peculiarity of American accent abdominal pronunciation. The so called abdominal pronunciation refers to the habit of producing sound from the abdomen in American accent, which is very different in Chinese where the process of sound production is in the chest. More specifically, when we produce vowels, we need to draw in our bellies, then enunciate with vocal cord vibration, only in this way the produced vowels can sound resonant and full. If you want to practice most standard and pure American accent, you must form the habit of producing voice from the abdomen, pronounce with the back of vocal organs, this is the first thing we need to do. 2. Literally pronunciation: The second peculiarities of American accent is literally pronunciation, in general, they are pronounced just as they are spelled., enunciation is more regulated, which exactly match the peculiarity of English language as a kind of phonogram. For instance, the most significant distinction between American accent and British accent is the disposing of the retroflex consonant r. someone always finds it difficult to decide when should he/she roll his/her tongue and when not. It seems very complicated, in fact it is easy when you get it: in American accent, as long as there is letter r in the spelling, you should retroflex when you enunciate the word, on the contrary, if there is no letter r in the word, avoid rolling your tongue by all means. Therefore, we need to retroflex in words like letter, butter,  whereas in words like idea, China we mustn’t roll our tongue. Moreover, American English sounds different from British English mainly because in AE pronunciation tends to agree with spelling. For example, the word vase, according to the rule of ‘if there is a non-pronunced e at the end of the word, then the vowel of that word pronounce its letter sound’, British people pronounce it as [va:z], however, it is enunciated as [veiz] in American English. 3. The third peculiarity of American English is there is clear distinction between stressed and unstressed syllables. When we speak Kazakh and Chinese, every word can be stressed, so our tone sound constant and forceful, but when we speak AE, we have to get rid of this habit. The rhythm of AE comes from alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, so if we want to make what we say rhythmist, we have to abbey the role of differentiating between stressed and unstressed syllables, also, we should pay attention to stressed syllables of words, firstly, we cannot shift stresses, then we should weaken the syllables without stresses, hence the word industry, the stress falls on the first syllable, but some people may have the habit of putting stress on the second syllable, this is a wrong habit, we must get rid of it. In order to make clear distinction between stressed and unstressed words or syllables, the most important thing to do is to weaken the unstressed syllables, once we can pronounce the unstressed syllables and words correctly, the stressed can be reflected out. Some general differences between American English and British English: 1. The resonance focus of American accent, i.e. where muscle moves most frequently, is on the back of mouth cavity between tongue and palate. That is the so called ‘pronounce rearwardly ’; in British accent the resonance focus is in front of teeth and between the lips, lips and facial muscles moves more frequently, which is so called ‘pronounced forwardly’. 2. In American accent the pitch changes between the syllables rather than within the syllables. There is no pitch glide within the syllables; however, in British accent, they try to emphasize the logically important words by gliding the pitch (The so called pitch glide is to lengthen the syllable and raise the pitch.). 3. There are 3 main vowels pronounce differently in British accent. /o/ in AE is two-stage-enunciation, while in BE a sound / ÊÅ' / is added before /əʊ/ which makes it a three-stage-enunciation. British /É’/  sound brief and powerful, lips glide fleetly, the degree of lip-rounding become smaller. Whereas when pronounce /É”:/ in BE, lips protract forward far away and bend into a round shape, leaving only a small opening. 4. Some sound in British English is different at times. When the sound /i:/ is at the end of a word (especially when spelled as y or ly ), it is weekend to /i/, for instance, in words like pretty, mostly. In American English, the syllables in the end with sound /sri/, /ori/ are always stressed, however, in British English those sounds are weekend to /É™ri/, and stresses are moved forward. For example in words like necessary, ordinary, category, the sound /à ¦/ in British English may change to /É‘:/ when it is in American English, In general, it would change under the following circumstances: * Before /f/, such as after, laugh, half, calf; * Before /s/, such as fast, last, rascal, repast, pass, glass (except for passenger, passage); * Before /th/, such as bath, path, rath, rather, lather (except for gather) * Before /nc/, /nk/ , such as dance, chancellor, lance, france; * Before /nt/, such as advantage, plant, chant, can’t; * Before /nd/ such as commander, demand, slander (except for and, hand, grand, stand) Irregular situations: the sound a does not change in bat, cat, can, changes in banana, example, sample, ranch, branch. Although the sound /u/ in American English might as well not change, but it is common to change to /ju/, for instance, duke, dual, due, neutral, nuclear, news, Tuesday, tune, tunic, lubricate, ludicrous, lunatic. 4. The letter r will drop when it is after a vowel, only when they are followed by another vowel. 6ï ¼Å½In American English sound t at the end of a word is incomplete plosive, while in British English it is complete plosive. 7. There are also a lot of irregular sound changes, for example: (American English→British English)

Determination of coefficient of expansion of air

Determination of coefficient of expansion of air INTRODUCTION This experiment is based on investigating the coefficient of expansion of air using a simple laboratory set up; the stopper flask method, where pressure is constant throughout the experiment. The increase in volume of a gas is directly proportional its temperature increase and is expressed as a fractional changed in dimensions per unit temperature change. Air will easily expand when it is heated and contract when it is cooled. The aim of the experiment was to: * Determine the coefficient of expansion of air using a stoppered flask method. The flask was stoppered and a thick tube allowed interactions with the outside. The flask was heated in a beaker (with water) and then transferred immediately to cold water where the cold water was allowed to enter and air within the flask decreased. The initial and final volumes of air and water was calculated (directly or indirectly whichever appropriate) and the coefficient was calculated from these. The experiment in its design allowed the calculation of the coefficient of expansion of air to be 3.22 * 10-3 K-1. This was calculated at a temperature of 24oC and pressure of 1 atm, which gives a good approximation compared to the theoretical value of 3.37 * 10-3 at a temperature of 24 oC (297 K). THEORY Dooley (1919) indicates that gases are said to be perfectly elastic because they have no elastic limit and expand and contract alike under the action of heat. That is to say, every substance when in the gaseous state and not near its point of liquefaction has the same coefficient of expansion, this coefficient being 1/273 of its volume for each degree Centigrade. He further goes on to say that since a gas contracts 1/273 part of its volume when its temperature is lowered 1 ° C, such a rate of contraction would theoretically reduce its volume to zero at a temperature of 273 ° C. Since all gases reach their liquefying point before this low temperature is attained, however, no such contraction exists. At the same time, it may be said that if heat is considered as a motion of the molecules of a substance, that motion is to be considered as having ceased when the temperature has reached 273 ° C. This is the expansion coefficient of an ideal gas. GAY LUSSACS LAW Madan (2008: 81) indicates that the coefficient of expansion of a substance at any given temperature, t, is the small fraction of its volume by which one cubic centimeter of the substance will increase when heated from to. * Gases are affected by changes of temperature in the same general way as liquids and solids, expanding when heated and contracting when cooled. * For a given change in temperature, they change in volume to a far greater extent than either liquids or solids. * All gases, at temperatures considerably above their liquefying points, have practically the same coefficient of expansion. This was first observed by Gay Lussac and Charles, and is a very remarkable one, and a great contrast to what has been noticed in the case of solids and liquids, each of which has its own special coefficient of expansion, often differing widely from those of others. EXPANSION AGAINST CONSTANT PRESSURE Atkins (2006: p35) indicates that: By definition: At constant pressure: This indicates that the work done is actually the difference between the final and initial volumes multiplied a unit of pressure (which is constant). Once can say therefore that a gas expands (independent of pressure) but dependant on temperature as given by: METHOD Method as per hand out, however, a small beaker with water was used to heat the flask and atmospheric pressure was used instead of reading the barometric height (which was not available). MATERIALS/APPARATUS  · Conical Flask (100 mL)  · Rubber Stopper  · Metal Clip  · Short Glass Tube  · Heater  · Beakers (500 mL) 2  · Thick Walled Rubber Tube  · Thermometer (0 100oC)  · Electric Balance Weight of flask + fittings 136.4 + 0.1 g Weight of flask + fitting + water sucked in 168.6 + 0.1 g Weight of water sucked in 032.2 + 0.1 g Weight of flask + fittings + full water 279.8 + 0.1 g Weight of full water 143.4 + 0.1 g Temperature of boiling water 103.0 + 0.1 oC Temperature of cold water 024.0 + 0.1 oC Atmospheric Pressure 1.00 atm Volume of gas @ 103.0 oC 143.4 + 0.1 cm3 Volume of gas @ 24.0 oC 111.2 + 0.1 cm3 DISCUSSION The experiment investigated the coefficient of expansion of air. This value was found to be 3.22 * 10-3 experimentally. One would infer, at first glance, that the volume of air initially would have been the volume of the flask (100 mL), as the volume of a gas is the actual volume of the container. But why was the mass of the beaker found (filled with cold water)? Was it to give a better estimation of the volume of the air? By finding the volume using the density of water, it was found to be 143.2 cm3 which is a large difference compared to the 100 mL of the flask. Then one realized that the flask was filled to the top close to the stopper itself, and therefore assuming that the volume of air was 100mL would have been a grave mistake and calculating the volume by density was the best and accurate method to use. The experiment relies on the fact that the volume of a substance, in this case, air, is dependent on the temperature of the system. The flask (opened) was heated in boiling water, this was indirect heating of the flask, it allowed the inside of the flask to be dry and consequently allowed the air to be dry. In addition, by heating the flask in boiling water, the temperature of the air inside the flask increased as well (according to the zeroth law of thermodynamics), indicating that there will be some form of thermal equilibrium. At this point, the initial volume and temperature of the air will be obtained. The tube was closed with a clip and placed in the water at a lower temperature. The question that arises at this point is why was the clip closed? A logical assumption is that to disallow further interaction between the atmospheric air (at a lower temperature) and the flasks air (at a higher temperature), also one can say that because of the temperature gradient, their will want to escape and in so doing create a thermal equilibrium between the two. The water was allowed to enter, to replace the air and thus the volume of air decreased. This method was unique in its design that it used a backward approach. Rather than obtaining the expansion of air from a lower to a higher temperature, it measured the contraction of the air from a higher to a lower temperature. In the end, the initial and final volumes and temperatures of the air being considered were obtained, and thus the coefficient was able to be calculated. SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPANSION COEFFICIENT The value ascertained experimentally was 3.22 * 10-3. This can be termed a fractional change as it is very small (0.001th of a value 3.22). It can be inferred that this fractional change affects the volume of the sample when a rise in temperature occurs. It means therefore, that for every change in temperature from to to (t+1)o, the volume of air in one cm3 of air will increase by 3.22 * 10-3 at 1 atm (experimental condition). A small value of ÃŽÂ ±, indicated by Atkins (2006) implies that it responds weakly to changes in temperature i.e. the air responds weakly to changes in temperature which is important in life itself, as air responding strongly to temperature changes would be hazardous to our health, and may even result in cardiac arrests with sudden decreases in temperature (during winter time in north America and Europe among other places) and where there are heat surges. COMPARING EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT The theoretical value of the expansion coefficient should be, since. The deviation is (3.37 * 10-3- 3.22 * 10-3) = 1.5 * 10-2. This deviation represented almost 4.66% of the theoretical value! What can account for this deviation? It all leads to experimental errors, since pressure is constant. Obviously, by looking at the formula, the process of obtaining the final and initial volumes and temperatures will have an effect on the expansion coefficient. The volume of water sucked in may not have been at maximum due to hindrances in the tubing attached to the flask, or the water was not allowed to go in as fast as it should. Also, one can consider that the density of water used to calculate the volume of air after the water had been sucked in may have been different and hence affected the calculated the volume). All of these can contribute uncertainties to the coefficient of expansion and can be used to explain the difference observed. SOURCES OF ERRORS * The difference between the experimental and established values is therefore attributed to factors such as temperature, volume, and the accuracy at which these values were obtained as described above. * The density of water probably affected the results when it was used to calculate the final volume of air and initial volumes of air. * Within the limits of experimental error, the value ascertained was close to the theoretical value with only about 5% deviation. * The volumes and temperatures had uncertainties of + n, where n represented the volume and temperature. The final result of the coefficient had an uncertainty of 0.41%. LIMITATIONS * The method did not allow the calculations of the volumes and temperatures directly but indirectly. A direct method, if possible, would have contributed to a more accurate value of the coefficient of expansion. * The experiments were not repeated to ascertain different values of the volumes and temperatures. Averaging the values would have allowed a more accurate value of the temperatures and volumes and by extension the coefficient of expansion. ASSUMPTIONS * It was assumed that air was ideal in nature and followed the ideal gas equation. Introduction of van der waals coefficient would have proved to be more tedious in calculating the coefficient of expansion of air. * It was assumed that the volume of dry air in the flask was the volume of the water in cm3. As mentioned previously, the water was filled to the top of the flask (close to the stopper), and assuming 100mL would have been grossly inadequate contributing to more uncertainties and thus a more inaccurate value of the expansion coefficient. * It was assumed that rate at which the temperature and volume decreased when the flask was placed in the water allowed the expansion coefficient to be ascertained. This was very important, as it implied that the temperature affected the expansion and or contraction of air and water which ultimately enabled the calculation of the coefficient. CONCLUSION With reference to the aim, it can be concluded that the experiment in its design allowed the calculation of the coefficient of expansion of air to be 3.22 * 10-3 K-1. This was calculated at a temperature of 24oC and pressure of 1 atm. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anand, A and Negi, S. A Textbook of Physical Chemistry. USA: John Wiley Sons, 1985. Atkins, Peter and De Paula, Julio. 2006. Physical Chemistry 8th Edition. USA : W. H Freeman Company, 2006. Castellan and Gilbert. 1983. Physical Chemistry 3rd Edition. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1983. Chirlian and L.E. Chemistry 103 Home Page. Department of Chemistry 103. [Online] [Cited: November 7, 2009.] http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Chem/Chem103lc/chem103.html. Daley, Henry and OMalley, Robert. 1988. Problems in Chemistry 2nd Edition. USA: CRC, 1988. Dooley, William. Applied Science for Metal Workers. USA: Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2008. Flowers and James. 2004. Cracking the MCAT with CD-ROM. USA: Princeton Review, 2004. Haven, Mary, Tetrault, Gregory A and Schenken, Jerald R. 1994. Laboratory Instrumentation 4th Edition. USA: Wiley, 1994. Kaufman, Myron. 2002. Principles of thermodynamics . USA: CRC, 2002. Lide, David. 1993. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 74th Edition. USA: CRC, 1993. Madan, G.H. An Elementary Treatise on Heat. USA: Law Press, 2008. Mortimer, Roger. 2008. Physical Chemistry 3rd Edition. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press, 2008. Orme, T. A. An Introduction to the Science of Heat. USA: BiblioLife, 2008.

Animal testing Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Use of animals for Laboratory Testing There has been an on going debate on whether to use animals for laboratory testing. There are people now saying the use of animals in laboratory testing is not necessary and there are other alternatives. Many of these people claim the tests that are performed on the animals are not particularly valid. On the other hand, others claim that laboratory testing has been depended on animals to achieve medical advances. Whether or not the use of animals in laboratory test is a matter of opinion. It will take the necessary investigation and consideration to figure out what needs to be done. Taking a closer look at each issue will help to show the use of laboratory testing should not be used. There are three issues that show the use of animals in laboratory testing should not be used: cruel, unnecessary, and there are other alternatives. The most obvious issue not to use animals in laboratory testing is it’s cruel to animals. Animals used in the labatories are used for testing drugs, vaccines, and consumer products. Million of innocent animals die each year to determine the safety of products for humans. â€Å"To my mind life of the lamb is no less precious that that of a human being. I should be unwilling to take the life of the lamb for the sake of the human body. I hold that, the more helpless a creature, the more entitled it is to protection by man from the cruelty of man† (Vincent 13). There are 2.5 million an...

Political parties and Voting Behavior Essay

Thesis: What are the predominant political factors that affect the voting behavior of a population ? Hypothesis : Pluralism, ideology, religion and social factors are the predominant political factors that affect the voting behavior of the population. Introduction : Pluralism in voting population is a natural phenomena in European and American cosmopolitan societies . Elsewhere, in Asia and far- East ethnic diversity too exists. A consequence of this pluralism is multi-party political system .Interests of different segregated sections of society based on issues, ethnicity, public policy, loyalties etc. are represented by different political parties. This should ideally and practically lead to a multi-party system . This system is obviously more democratic. The voters choice is increased . The political parties thus become more competitive against each other. This makes the political parties more accountable to the people in order to win their ‘trust and confidence’. This pluralism affects voting behavior and has serious impacts on national politics. Voters choices are often prejudiced and biased. This is quite reasonable as we are living in an imperfect society. The American Elections : Voting behavior in Democrat and Republican elections ‘A loss of American voter’s faith in Democracy.’ The American voters today don’t identify themselves with either Democrats or Republicans according to many surveys and statistical studies. The Presidential elections have seen a decline in the participation of eligible voters , as observed since the 1950s and 1960s. The eligible voting population has increased in America but the number of registered voters is decreasing. Dissatisfied by the Democrats and Republicans not bringing effective reforms the voters have lost interest in politics as a consequence of politicians. â€Å"Does this phenomena indicate the American citizens disillusionment with a predominantly much polarized American two-party democracy?† According to political scientists the political non-participation of Americans is a matter of concern for the health of American political system. The Americans are now cynical and distrustful of politics, politicians and the Government. Experts believe such a trend could lead to the breakdown of American political system. Contrary to the belief of these experts many Democrat and Republican partisan parties claim they have the ability to draw supporters for their parties. They argue that the American’s have thus not lost faith in Democracy. Viewpoints. Voting Behavior. Introduction. ‘The ‘God-gap’ difference between the Republicans and the democrats’ The Republicans are known for their conservative ideology and policies whereas the democrats are known for their liberal ones. It is a well established public opinion that the more religiously an American is inclined the more likely he is to vote for the Republicans and the other way round for the Democrats. Karlyn Bowman a public relations expert raised a question in this context at a conference for media men. This ‘God-gap’ had overshadowed many other issues and changed the voting patterns in the November, 2006 Presidential elections. Thus the ‘God-gap’ has begun to play an important role in the American public life. Since 1992, this gap , between the frequent and the not so frequent worshipers, regardless of their religious background has become prominent. Conservative leaders were the first to guess this voter behavior and to capitalize on it. The talk became all the more popular with the Pundits, intellectuals, liberal strategists and academics – the chattering class ! They added fuel to the fire.9/11 and it’s aftermath established the God- gap as a decisive public opinion maker. Thus, the public power of religion got firmly established in the American society. In the elections to come neither the Conservatives nor the Democrats can afford to underplay it. The November 2006 Presidential elections shall be followed with contests between the Republicans and Democrats to woo a sizeable vote-bank ; the one created by the ‘God-gap’. In Politics, the ‘God-gap’ Overshadows Other Differences New York Times. By Peter Steinfels. Published December 9, 2006. ‘The Religious vote base’ The Republicans have often used their religion conservative base to win votes. Consequently Mr. George Bush won his second term in the office. This has concerned the democrats and they have lately been working on the religious vote. White evangelical and the born-again Christians again voted for the Republican candidate in the last two elections. Nationwide exit polls show that nothing has changed in favor of the Democrats. Around 70-72 percent of the evangelical and the born again Christians voted for the Republican Presidential candidate in the last two elections. Deliberate call for a religious vote by some Democratic senate candidates did win them a significant proportion of Roman Catholics and white mainline Protestants votes in states like Ohio and Pennsylvania. However trends are changing, say, in many states like Colorado. Most American’s Bobby Clark, Deputy Director of a liberal group in Colorado says,† Most Americans are now a pretty moderate people.† The Rev. Troy Newman called the election day ‘a bloody Tuesday’. His anti-abortion Operation Rescue lost favor with American’s in South Dakota and California. The Democratic parties liberal anti-abortion policies were endorsed by the people. Religious Voting Data Show Some Shift, Observers Say. New York Times. By Laurie Goodstein. Published November 9, 2006. ‘Cashing on the African-American vote-bank’ African-American’s constitute nearly half the votes in South Carolina. A remarkable portion ! This phenomena of the African-American vote-bank is now well recognized both by the Republicans and the Democrats. The racial divide still exists and is well exploited. The candidates have no compunctions visiting black churches accepting their endorsements before the elections. They even don’t hesitate in identifying with king Martin Luther! Empirical data suggests that the African –American vote has been with the Democrats who have more actively fought for their cause. The Conservatives are taking no chances now . The situation in South Carolina mirrors the entire America. The African-American voters can no longer be taken for granted. They are now armed with education and leaders. They have made significant contributions to all spheres of American life- Arts, science, literature, Sports etc. In a nut-shell they are now enlightened about their rights and privileges. Black and Bruised. The New York Times, Monday, December, 24, 2007.by Joann Wypijewski. Published February 1, 2004. ‘The Feminist ideology ’ John Kerry actively involved himself in a campaign – the Women vote bank. He was establishing his credentials presiding over women audiences. His enthusiastic drive to win over the much contested vote-bank – Women. This bastion, the Democrats claimed rightly belonged to them Mr. Bush in his campaign had projected himself as the best candidate to protect the Americans against the terrorists. The 9/11 scare was worst to affect the women. Mr. Bush’s campaign as the best candidate to protect the American’s against the terrorists caught favor with women. According to New York Times/ CBS Polls Democrats polled less, loosing ground with Democratic parties most secure women-votes. Their has been a remarkable change in the trend. To quote statistics in 2000, 54 percent of women voted for Al Gore while only 43 percent voted for Mr. George Bush, the republican candidate. The news of the 9/11 terrorist attack and the unacceptable terrorist attack against children in Russia, used provocatively by the Republicans created a considerable challenge for Mr. John Kerry and the Democrats. Mr. Bush gave a fight to the Democrats on their own strong hold-the women-vote. Mr. Bush used his success in toppling the Afghan’s in yet another novel way. He projected the new found freedom of the Afghan women to woo feminist sentiments. Statistics show that the voter turnout of women has increased over the last Presidential elections. The two parties are working on the idea to polarize the feminist activism in their favor. On the other front they are drawing more and more women to the ballot box. More and more women candidates are being fielded in elections for public offices. Hillary Rodham Clinton , the wife of former President Mr. Bill Clinton is contesting in the next Presidential elections. She is being viewed as a strong contender for the position. This scenario echoes the general mood of the American people. Thus the feminist ideology holds ground affecting elections and political parties. The New York Times, Kerry in a Struggle for a Democratic Base: Women, by Katherine Q.Seelye. Published September 2, 2004. Conclusion : We can thus conclude that Pluralism, ideology, Religion and social factors are the predominant factors affecting voter behavior. Pluralism exists across European and American politics and even in Asia and the far- East. The concept of pluralism elucidates that a multi-party system has both positive and negative impacts on voters behavior. The voter has the right to choose the party he trusts. Although he might be biased and prejudiced in his attitudes. Neither the Democrats nor the Republicans are now able to associate themselves with the common American. The decline in participation of eligible voters population in America since the 1950s and 960s suggest that the American voter has lost faith in the political system- politics, politicians and the Government. Since 1992, the ‘God-gap’ factor has begun to play an important role in American elections. Both the Democrats and Republicans are creating and fuelling this gap to cash on votes. The Democrats and Republicans are playing their Religious cards. The electorate is swinging between the Democrats and Republicans. The last two Presidential elections saw 70-72 percent Christian hardliners voting for the conservative Republicans. The situation is changing in favor of the Democrats with the American people becoming more moderate in their values. The African-American voter is now valued due to his predominance in states like South Carolina. The women voters actively participated in the last few Presidential elections according to statistics. 9/11 and it’s aftermath left a deeper influence on women voters.

Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essays

Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essays Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essay Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essay Business Analysis Part II Ford Motor Company Rocio Rodriguez MGT/521 Management May 25, 2011 Nickolas Skelton Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Henry Ford and a group of investors founded what is known as the Ford Motor Company in 1903 based out in Dearborn, Michigan. The entrepreneur began manufacturing all of the automotive parts used in production and started the innovation of a moving assembly line to mass produce vehicles that are affordable to the public. Although the company changed names and investors a few times, it remained strong enough to survive through the great depression and become one of the largest auto manufacturers in the world today. The following analysis covers the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to obtain a better understanding of the successes and downfalls of Ford Motor Company. Strengths Despite of the recent downturn in the economy, Ford remains a competitive force in automobile manufacturing market. Certain factors exist that strengthen the company’s brand and product. For example, Ford Motor Company is the top 4th largest car manufacturing entity in the world (Ford, 2011). The company has 90 manufacturing plants worldwide, 7,000 supplier facilities that distribute vehicles in six continents, and all 50 U. S. states (Ford, 2011). Ford has a strong presence in the market and is easily recognized worldwide with the slogan â€Å"Built Ford Tough† as the company motto (Ford, 2011). The company keeps a competitive advantage by following innovative trends that attract the attention of more consumers. One of these trends focuses on fuel efficiency, brought on by the current deteriorating economic state. Ford’s fuel-efficient lineup increased sales by 19% since the launch in 2009 (Ford, 2011). Even the less economic models are still in demand because of their design, durability, and versatility. The Ford-F150, Ford’s most popular vehicle, is the current top seller on the market for this year (Ford, 2011). Ford is comfortably sitting at #10 on the Fortune 500 list and has made an astonishing $6. 6 billion in net income for the first quarter of 2011, which is the most the company has made in the ast 10 years (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Ford established Ford Motor Credit Company to offer the public a more accessible way to finance vehicles and survived through the failing economy. The company made it without any government bailout funds because the owner made a wise move and obtained $24 billion in financing a short time before the economy took a turn for the worse (Ford Motor Company, 2001). That money helped the company stay afloat until they could make profit again. Another strength the company has is its reputation and their corporate social responsibility with the public and the environment. Ford Motor Company provides support to many causes such as disaster relief efforts in the United States, invests in education for children, promotes safe driving programs for teens, and helps American farmers strive (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Ford is also a proud supporter of NASCAR and started the Performance Racing Parts segment of the business. The company is following the trend of environmentally friendly products by researching solar powered and electric vehicles that reduce emissions and harm the environment. The company plans to invest $14 billion in Research and Development in 2011 to improve fuel efficiency in Ford models by over 25% (Mulally, 2010). Because of the constant contribution and involvement in the community, the public is aware that Ford is not in it just for the money; ultimately Ford contributes and makes a difference in society and embraces the earth’s environmental health. Weaknesses Despite all the strengths mentioned above, there are weaknesses that can hinder Ford’s success. The most obvious weakness is the troubling economy. The economic downfall affected everyone including all car manufacturers. Consumers lost jobs, homes, and stability during these tough times, and purchasing vehicles was no longer a priority for most Americans. The demand for vehicles, especially trucks, dropped dramatically because of the lack of income for consumers, the rise in gas prices, and fewer lending opportunities. Additionally, just as the economy began to fall, so did the stock prices. Ford stock prices hit the ultimate low in 2009 selling at $1. 74 compared to the $14. 91 in the first quarter of 2011 (History of the Stock Market Crash, 2011). The most dangerous disadvantage for Ford’s weak market share North American automotive operations. Ford’s market share dropped 6. 3% from 2003 to 2008 and is currently making a slow and steady increase (Ford, 2008). Competitors like Toyota and Honda led the market with quality, fuel efficient models, at a bargain price. The weakness that tarnished Ford’s reputation and financial health has to be the recalls of some models because safety concerns. Ford recalled a total of 16 million vehicles in 2009 because of a faulty cruise control switch that causes a fire in the vehicle (Ford, 2008). Similarly, in 2008 Ford recalled Escape models due to transmission failure issues. Additionally, who can forget the notorious Firestone tire recall in 2001 that claimed the lives of many drivers worldwide (Ford, 2008). The tread on the defective tires on most Explorer models peeled off and when they failed it caused the vehicle to roll over and cause fatal accidents (Legal Information Center, 2001). This recall cost Ford $2 billion, the competitive advantage in the United States light-truck and sport/utility vehicle market, and the trust of the consumer (Isidore, 2001). Opportunities Nonetheless, Ford has moved forward and learned from their experiences and is focused on expanding the opportunities for the business. Because the environmental factor is a leading trend in the market, Ford has taken the opportunity to expand their product line to align with the consumer demand. The company developed the EcoBoost V6 engines that provide 20% better fuel economy and reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 15% (MediaFord. com, 2011). Hybrid models are currently in production and the company plans to double their output in 2009 to meet consumer demand. Ford is investing and researching new technology to produce electric and solar powered vehicles in the near future as well as intelligent vehicles, or talking vehicles designed to help make the roads a safer place. The company’s efforts have not been in vain. The company was awarded the 2011 Best New Technology Award for their innovative rear inflatable seat belt design (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Similarly, the giant car manufacturer also became the first to earn top safety ratings worldwide for their Fiesta and Ford F-150 models (Ford Motor Company, 2011). The last opportunity that can help Ford gain global market share is the partnership with China to produce the Ford Fiesta model. Ford unveiled the Fiesta in China in 2009 and by 2010 the company sold more than 75,000 vehicles, 59% more than the previous year (MediaFord. com, 2011). The Fiesta received a warm welcome from the Chinese consumers with its stylish exterior, fuel efficiency, and even received a five-star safety rating from the China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) (MediaFord. com, 2011). With the success of the launch in China, Ford can expand worldwide and explore other opportunities in foreign countries to penetrate and grow the Ford name. Threats The last factor to consider in the analysis is the threats that hinder Fords success in the market. These factors can prevent the company from growing as planned and potentially harm the giant automaker’s financial stability. Many of the same factors listed as weaknesses can be potential threats. For example, the recession and the rise in fuel prices. As prices rise, consumers look for ways to reduce their expenses by either consuming less gas or replacing their gas guzzlers with compact fuel efficient models. If Ford fails to produce a compact, fuel efficient model that meets the consumer’s demands, the public will still purchase a vehicle but definitely not a Ford model. The rise in raw materials can also pose a threat to Ford because the company needs to provide an affordable product that meets the demand for safety, durability, and quality, all while keeping production costs at reasonable rates to make a profit. Producing vehicles with subpar materials to keep within budget can risk the safety of the end user and risk the reputation of the Ford brand. Fixing any potential issues with future recalls is usually more expensive than producing the product meeting all federal guidelines. The last major threat to the Ford Motor Company is the lack of investment in Research and Development and Quality Control. Compared to the competition, Ford falls short in capital spending, which can hinder the possibility of growth. For example, Ford’s biggest competitor, Toyota reduced their capital spending from $1. trillion to $670 billion during 2010 because of the financial crisis (Dow Jones, 2010). In comparison, Ford usually spends five to six billion dollars in capital spending each year totaling $4. 5 billion during 2010 (Ford Motor Company, 2011). With that much difference in capital spending, the competition has the means and the edge to develop the next best thing out on the market, leaving For d behind. To summarize the analysis, the Ford Motor Company has the potential to remain one of the top car manufacturers in the world if the company takes advantage of all strengths and opportunities to grow and xpand the business worldwide. The key to staying competitive is following consumer trends and above all take pride and care to produce the best product for the end-user. Keeping a close eye and managing the weaknesses and threats to the business will serve as a learning experience and help the company adapt, improve business practices, and processes. The company has been successful thus far, even through a recession, and once the economy recovers Ford has the potential to become more thriving than ever with the latest advances in technology the company plans to develop. Business Analysis Part II Ford Motor Company Financial Health Comparison The financial statements in Appendix A-C reflect the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow for Ford Motor Company for recent and previous years. Comparing the numbers side by side helps understand the trends in the economy and the company and gives a better understanding of the company’s financial health. After reviewing each statement one can see that the company has been a successful one, and recently suffered during the time of recession. Profits went down as well as stock value as seen in Appendix D. Capital Expenditures were reduced and the company even faced negative figures in most statements during the recession in 2008. The company had a healthy cash flow and earnings in the years before 2008, and is presently recovering at a steady pace. The one major concern noted after reviewing the statements is the slow recovery of the company. With the recession out of the way, the company has enough new products and incentives to help boost sales and make profits similar to those seen in 2005-2007 at a faster pace. The slow recovery can help the company prepare for future periods of recession by having a plan implemented to develop the most innovative, quality, and affordable product for the consumer and increase demand worldwide, thus making profits at a faster pace. Summarize companys financial health – compare it to other companies in the industry Summarize the companys technological advantages – compare to others How globalization affected the businesses practices Benchmark analysis – best practices, operational processes and procedures, products or services References AOL Daily Finance. 2011, May 20). Ford motor company balance sheet. Retrieved from dailyfinance. com/financials/ford-motor-company/f/nys/balance-sheet Bloomberg Businessweek, (2011, May 24). Financial statements for ford motor company. Retrieved from http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/financials/financials. asp? ticker=F:US Dow Jones, (2010, December 24). Toyota vice president: to ho ld down capital spending. Retrieved from dowjones. de/site/2010/12/toyota-vice-president-to-hold-down-capital-spending. html Ford. (2008). Market share and sales. Retrieved from http://corporate. ford. om/microsites/sustainability-report-2008-09/economy-data-market#a Ford Motor Company, (2011, May 12). Safety. Retrieved from http://corporate. ford. com/innovation/car-safety Ford Motor Company, (2011). Ford posts net income of $2. 6 billion in second quarter 2010. Retrieved from corporate. ford. com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-posts-net-income-of-26-32973 History of the Stock Market Crash, (2011, April 23). Ford stock up 757% since the 2008-2009 crash. Retrieved from worststockmarketcrashes. com/featured/ford-stock-up-757-percent-since-the-2008-2009-crash/ Isidore, C. 2001, May 21). Ford recalls 13 million tires. Retrieved from http://money. cnn. com/2001/05/22/recalls/ford/ Legal Information Center, (2001). Firestone tire recall. Retrieved from firestone-tire-recall. com/pages/overview. html Media Ford. com, (2011). Ford fiesta receives maximum 5-star safety rating in china ncap. Retrieved from http://media. ford. com/article_display. cfm? article_id=33815 Microsoft Money, Initials. (2011, April 24). Financial results ford motor company. Retrieved from http://moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/statemnt. aspx? Symbol=FstmtView=Ann Mulally, A. (2010, October 26). Ford car share in North America on the rise. Retrieved from http://seekingalpha. com/article/232164-ford-car-share-in-north-america-on-the-rise Yahoo Finance, (2011, May 22). Ford motor company cash flow. Retrieved from http://finance. yahoo. com/q/cf? s=F+Cash+Flowannual Appendix A[pic][pic][pic] |Income Statement Comparison | |Dec 31 |Dec 31 |Dec 31 |Dec 31 | |Currency in | |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Millions of U. S. Dollars |As of: |Restated |Restated |Restated |USD | | | |USD |USD |USD | | |Revenues |154,379. 0 |127,635. 0 |103,868. 0 |119,280. 0 | |Cost of Goods Sold |142,667. 0 |120,558. 0 |98,746. |104,372. 0 | |Selling General Admin Expenses, Total |21,132. 0 |21,049. 0 |12,965. 0 |11,876. 0 | |OPERATING INCOME |-701. 0 |-6,492. 0 |-1,219. 0 |8,892. 0 | |Interest and Investment Income |1,713. 0 |928. 0 |205. 0 |262. 0 | |Income (Loss) on Equity Investments |403. |381. 0 |195. 0 |538. 0 | |EBT, EXCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS |-1,018. 0 |-7,151. 0 |-2,249. 0 |7,975. 0 | |Gain (Loss) on Sale of Investments |-109. 0 |-1,309. 0 |373. 0 |125. 0 | |Other Unusual Items, Total |-432. 0 |-5,569. 0 |4,666. 0 |-844. | |EBT, INCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS |-3,857. 0 |-14,895. 0 |2,599. 0 |7,149. 0 | |Minority Interest in Earnings |-312. 0 |58. 0 | |4. 0 | |EARNINGS FROM DISCOUNTINUED OPERATIONS |41. 0 |9. 0 |5. 0 | | |NET INCOME TO COMMON INCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS |-2,795. 0 |-14,766. 0 |2,717. 0 |6,561. | [pic][ pic][pic](Bloomberg Businessweek, 2011) Appendix B Balance Statement Comparison |Period Ending |FY2010 |FY2009 |FY2008 |FY2007 |FY2006 | |Assets | | | | | | |Net Receivables |48. 22 B |8. 15 B |64. 43 B |68. 75 B |4. 15 B | |Progress Payments Others |-865. 00 M |-798. 0 M |-891. 00 M |-1. 10 B |-1. 02 B | |Current Assets Total |90. 87 B |57. 29 B |117. 33 B |135. 72 B |78. 98 B | |Investment in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries |2. 57 B |2. 37 B |1. 59 B |2. 85 B |2. 79 B | |Property, Plant Equipment Net |23. 03 B |22. 46 B |28. 35 B |35. 98 B |35. 79 B | |Accumulated Depreciation |33. 90 B |33. 41 B |38. 4 B |36. 56 B |34. 98 B | |Tangible Other Assets |4. 16 B |12. 30 B |6. 52 B |18. 34 B |16. 00 B | |Total Assets |163. 32 B |189. 35 B |215. 77 B |276. 46 B |276. 01 B | |Income Taxes Payable |392. 00 M |3. 09 B |2. 79 B |2. 67 B |3. 14 B | |Current Liabilities Total |74. 13 B |77. 85 B |111. 96 B |110. 5 B |112. 65 B | |Provision for Risks Charges |18. 24 B |17. 76 B |17. 32 B |31. 37 B |35. 91 B | |Deferred Income |1. 62 B |1. 66 B |1. 77 B |1. 99 B |2. 04 B | |Total Liabilities |163. 97 B |197. 13 B |231. 89 B |269. 41 B |278. 31 B | |Common Equity |-673. 00 M |-7. 82 B |-17. 31 B |5. 63 B |-3. 6 B | |Capital Surplus |20. 80 B |16. 79 B |9. 08 B |7. 83 B |4. 56 B | |Equity in Untaxed Reserves |-7. 04 B |-13. 60 B |-16. 14 B |-1. 48 B |-17. 00 M | |Treasury Stock |62. 00 M |407. 00 M |521. 00 M |103. 00 M |- | |Common Shares Outstanding |163. 32 B |189. 35 B |215. 77 B |276. 46 B |276. 01 B | (AOL Daily Finance, 2011) Appendix C Cash Flow Comparison | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Period Ending | | | |Dec 31, 2010 | | | |Dec 31, 2009 | | | |Dec 31, 2008 | | | | | | | |Net Income | | | |6,561,000 | | | |2,717,000 | | | |(14,672,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Operating Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Depreciation | | | |- | | | |- | | | |19,737,000 | | | | | | | |Adjustments To Net Income | | | |- | | | |- | | | |1,027,000 | | | | | | | |Changes In Accounts Receivables | | | |- | | | |- | | | |1,091,000 | | | | | | | |Changes In Liabilities | | | |- | | | |- | | | |(12,647,000) | | | | | | | |Changes In Inventories | | | |- | | | |- | | | |(358,000) | | | | | | | |Changes In Other Operating Activities | | | |- | | |- | | | |2,489,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flow From Operating Activities | | | |11,477,000 | | | |15,477,000 | | | |(179,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Investing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Capital Expenditures | | | |(4,092,000) | | | |(4,059,000) | | | |(6,696,000) | | | | | | | |Investments | | | |9,774,000 | | | |10,682,000 | | | |(2,676,000) | | | | | | | |Other Cash flows from Investing Activities | | | |1,226,000 | | | |(4,000) | | | |6,229,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flows From Investing Activities | | | |6,908,000 | | | |6,619,000 | | | |(3,143,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Financing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Dividends Paid | | | |- | | | |- | | | |- | | | | | | | |Sale Purchase of Stock | | | |1,339,000 | | | |2,450,000 | | | |756,000 | | | | | | | |Net Borrowings | | | |(18,558,000) | | | |(21,710,000) | | | |(9,256,000) | | | | | | | |Other Cash Flows from Financing Activities | | | |(7,202,000) | | | |(3,570,000) | | | |(604,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flows From Financing Activities | | | |(24,421,000) | | | |(22,830,000) | | | |(9,104,000) | | | | | | | |Effect Of Exchange Rate Changes | | | |(53,000) | | | |454,000 | | | |(808,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Change In Cash and Cash Equivalents | | | |(6,089,000) | | | |(910,000) | | | |(13,234,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Currency in USD. | | | Appendix D Ford Motor Company Stock Value Comparison